High Tc, pseudogaps, broken symmetries

What distinguishes one phase of matter from another?  A physicist would probably say that different phases possess different symmetries.  More specifically, transitions between phases can be described (when going in the right direction) by the breaking of a symmetry.  For example, when water freezes, the continuous rotational and translational symmetry of the liquid (liquid water looks, on average, the same in every direction and at different points within the liquid) are broken, because crystalline ice has a specific lattice (and therefore certain preferred lattice directions, as well as a spatial periodicity).  Solid ice instead has discrete rotational and translational symmetries, rather than continuous ones.

High temperature superconductors have been confounding physicists for 24 years now.  Progress has been made in understanding these complicated materials (typically layered, multicomponent copper oxides with weird oxygen stoichiometries to control the number of mobile charge carriers), but the situation is still a mess.  These compounds have a complicated phase diagram as a function of, e.g., temperature and chemical doping.  The undoped parent compounds are antiferromagnetic insulators.  Over a range of chemical compositions, the ground state is a d-wave superconductor.  Within a good part of that range of composition, at temperatures above the superconducting transition, these materials show a "pseudogap" below some higher temperature, T*.  That is, the number of available electronic states near the Fermi level is depressed compared to what you'd expect for a metal, but not vanishing as you'd expect for a superconductor.  People have been arguing for years about what the pseudogap is - is this a distinct phase?  Is it a precursor to superconductivity (e.g., pairing of electrons w/o long-range coherence), or does it compete with superconductivity?

This recent paper by Louis Taillefer reports the observation of broken rotational symmetry in the pseudogap phase (mainly via the Nernst effect).  The claim is that below T*, the four-fold rotational symmetry (because it's a square lattice) of the electronic properties of the CuO2 planes is broken, and the system becomes electronically anisotropic.  This is important, because it firmly argues that the pseudogap state is a real thermodynamic phase of some kind, and that kind of broken symmetry apparently places strong constraints on possible theories of high Tc.  Not my direct area of expertise, but it looks very interesting.  I'll admit, though, I was surprised by the strong statements made here.  Unless there's way more to this than meets the eye, it's not clear to me why it's justified to claim that we're now much closer to room temperature superconductivity....